I am not sure about 20.04, but 21.10, and 22.04 both require an EFI partition or the system might not boot properly. If you are upgrading from a scheme that did not have one, your culprit may lay there.
If it is happening during an upgrade, then I might suggest doing a clean install right to 22.04. If you have a decently fast thumbnail drive, you can do a test install directly to the thumbnail and avoid contaminating the existing setup. If it fails there, I would look to your hardware. Update bios and device firmware - older Samsung SSDs have had a couple of firmware revisions over the years that you would not know about using Linux as it only updates it in Windows. Something might be conflicting or something might be dying. Unplug all devices that are not strictly necessary and try with a minimal setup.
If it is happening during an upgrade, then I might suggest doing a clean install right to 22.04. If you have a decently fast thumbnail drive, you can do a test install directly to the thumbnail and avoid contaminating the existing setup. If it fails there, I would look to your hardware. Update bios and device firmware - older Samsung SSDs have had a couple of firmware revisions over the years that you would not know about using Linux as it only updates it in Windows. Something might be conflicting or something might be dying. Unplug all devices that are not strictly necessary and try with a minimal setup.
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